Among the worms there are a large amount (more than 260 species) of parasitic forms, which belong to the subtypes of dishes and round worms.The parasitic worms have long been known by the scientific term Elmininti, in this regard, the branch of parasitology, studying them, was called elminatology.With the term "elmininti", the word "worms", descending from the Latin root, coincides in the meaning, which means "slippery".
Representatives of pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the kingdom of animals.Passizzano on other living creatures (plants, mushrooms, animals) and therefore science has arisen for parasitology engaged in the study of all parasitic organisms.This is a general parasitology and Elmintology has already distinguished itself, that is, a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be necessary, that is, the creature whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time acts as a source of its diet.The owners of the parasites are divided into the intermediate ones (in them the elminto passes the larval phases) and the ending (in them and only in them, the Elmin becomes mature sexually, invasive).
Not a single organ and not the fabric of a single person is safe from the possibility of invasion by one or the other, but this is when the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminose properties, i.e.:
- For example, in such an ancient elminto, as ascaride, it is necessary to take into account the action of its anti -ENZIMI - anti -reperto and antipsy that violates the digestive process.The volatile substances contained in the internal fluid excaride cause various toxic allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and convulsions, tearing and headache;
- Development phase (eggs, larva, change of owners);
- Sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, leading to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is, they become less vulnerable and achieved, it is more difficult to "reach them";
- A great duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the parasitic lives, and this means the chronic course of Helmintias);
- The skill to suppress or modify the host's immune Response, that is, sooner or later, a state of functional immunodeficiency arises, and this is extremely undesirable, Because Almost ideal conditions for the penetration of any wealthy pathogenic agents are created, as well as the conditions for the"Terminating" of Endogenus Foci of infection, If Any Previous There Were (Which, UNFORTUNATELY, OFTEN HAPPENENS)) and Often) and Often) and Often) and often) and of) and often) and often) "draza" retained by the high -level immune system;
- The presence of an olmto of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that practically there are no immunoprofilass methods;
- the wider distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of the eggs to persist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow one or another type of apparently survive "inhuman conditions".
The incidence of the Elmintiasis in the world is extremely high: on almost 6 billion people who live on the planet now, 4 billion are affected by one or another type of elmintosis and, given that many of them are "bearers" of different parasites simultaneously, the image will become even more impressive.
The reaction of the body
A person with his powerful series of compensatory-adaptive reactions, the immune system, various protective barriers that are not specific and subject to the helmet, can only react to its presence, although the almost asymptomatic course of the helling is sometimes noted.But this is extremely rare and very often the following can be identified:
- Various allergic toxic reactions, often skin.Furthermore, if the cause of these reactions remains unfortunate and clinical manifestations occur, therefore, first of all, an in -depth examination is necessary for the presence of elmintic invasion;
- Neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by an elmintic invasion, in which the toxic substances have constantly entered the blood, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional lability, "non -motivated" outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, perseverance, rapid effort and sleep disturbance.The growing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that he did not have "the strength to tighten the hand of a friend at a meeting";
- Dyspeptic syndrome: diversified, from hell to symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, often rare location and intensity, rhombus and swelling and a sense of exploding in the abdomen;And a change in the appetite as in the direction of breeding (one of the reasons for the care of the doctor is "a good appetite, it means that I am healthy") and a significant reduction of appetite, up to anorexia;This is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of profound multifactorial disbizzing;
- Many helminths feed on the owner's blood, being the hemophagi, absorb vitamin B12 and interrupt the absorption process of an anti -nemic substance in the small intestine, often damage the intestinal and superficial mucosa, but on a large area.All this leads to the loss of chronic blood and in some cases to the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With the elminties, an increase in the content of eosinophilic (leukocyte cells actively involved in allergic reactions) is often detected;
- The presence of elmintic invasion, subject to the development of anemia, in particular in children, can lead to growth delay and physical underdevelopment, possibly also with an increase in appetite;
- In children, during planned vaccinations, various toxic toxic-allergic reactions are often observed;
- Elmintosis often cause an exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the position of elminto and the position of the body concerned can be completely different in the location in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very often, and perhaps the principle is triggered here that "it is not profitable for any parasite to destroy its victim until the end, otherwise it will not be a parasite, having lost, shelter and food during the night", but, however, the conditions incompatible with the life of the owner.For example, with liver echinococcosi, fake brain.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of the Elmininti floats widely depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous and livestock lives safely for many years with the organs popped up with Einococcal bubbles that reach a mass of several kilograms.
Characterization of parasitic worms
The helminths in the human body do not multiply, with the exception of species such as Cotter, Nano Tapeen.The Elmince enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.The direct infection of people affected by elmininti does not occur, with the exception of those that are Cantigyes (gimoncessary, entbiosi).
The infection from other elmoninti occurs through the soil (dirty hands - intestine - ascaridosis) or when the skin is contacted with the ground (strungyloidosis) or water (schistosomosis) or when eating (shadowornichosis, difYllotrotriosis).
In the body, the helminths live in various organs and fabrics: in the intestine - Ascarides, Pinworms, Tenia, ribbon in the liver - Echinococci, Opistorchi;In the muscles - Trichinella;In the lungs - paragonimus, in the blood - Philles, schistosomi.
Camo of Olistorchus filineus
The infection of humans or animals occurs when eating raw or dry fish: ya, cockroaches, sea bream.A bicondonogog parasitic in the liver and in the intestine of a person, dog, cats.The changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, formation of bile stones, cirrhosis.For prevention purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw or cold fish.
Bicarry Pulmonary Paragoninus Westermani
These biconde lives in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed on the smaller bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
The infection occurs when eating rough crashes affected or shrimp.A bicondonogog penetrates the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - in the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the discharge of rusty shore color, possibly with a mixture of blood.When the metastases of eggs or parasites themselves, the liver, the spleen, the brain are affected.With the damage to the brain of the clinic it depends on the position of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, convulsions).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat crabs and raw prawns.
Another class includes flat worms: these are ribbon worms, which in turn are divided into ribbon and chain units.
Ribbon worms in the superimposed state are inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrates.
Together with similar characteristics relating to strips worms, there are also significant differences between tape and tension.This is particularly important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In the ribbons, a large ribbon is released (Difillotrium Latum), which causes a disease called dicillobottorosis.The ribbon is wide - a giant elminto, which reaches a length of 15 m.He is a parasite of the slaughter, he lives in the tenuous intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
A person is infected when eating insufficiently fried or scarcely salty fish (river - Ruff, Persian Fish, Burbot; Lake - Trout, LEARD) with living larvae.The infection often occurs through a fresh pike caviar, so called lively.Some lovers holds caviar from the abdomen directly in the mouth, and with it the larvae can act, causing infection.
In the clinical picture of the dicillotria, dyspeptic disorders prevail: discomfort and pain in the abdomen of unstable location, rhombus, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change in the stool of appetite, unstable.Often it develops, especially with a long cycle of disease, anemia (anemia).With LapilloBotciosis, one of the main causes of anemia is the deficiency of vitamin B12.
Helmint removes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, sucking them with enthusiasm with the entire surface of his body, which, like the key to the lock, approaches the joint edge of the intestine and, therefore, increases the aspiration surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative shapes appear, including macro -macroxes and megaloblasts.This shows that with a latent course of invasion, changes are still occurred, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with pallor of face wax, skin, strong weakness, tachycardia.
In the diagnosis of Dipyllotriasis, the clinical picture of the disease does not always allow correct diagnosis, therefore the Coprovoscopy method is of great importance here, which allows you to detect the eggs of a wide ribbon in the stool, which are released in the external environment 3 weeks after the infection.
The eggs come out with the dog's feces and stick to his wool.They can be listed in a person's mouth and swallow if you caress your infected dog and then take food with your hands not washed.The same can happen with the kisses of a dog.In the northern countries where dogs are the closest pet for humans, echinococcosis in people is quite common.
Thechinococcosis clinic is characterized by painful pain in the right hypocondry, in which a tumor formation is determined with a smooth round surface and, during breathing, moves with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a suppuration of cysts or cysts, a turning point in the bile paths, accompanied by severe pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, can form more abscesses, which lead to deaths.
With the echinococcos of the lung, single cysts prevail, located more often in the lowest share of the right lung.In the initial phase, the disease is often diagnosed by chance with a thorax X -ray examination.Over time, the cough, the hemoptyses, the chest pain.Note that the growth of Echinococcus cysts in the lungs is often not lower than the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis ofchinococcosis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasonic studies, tomography, scan, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene when holding dogs and takes care of them;Make sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog;Avoid dogs to a person's food and dishes;limit the direct contact of children and dogs.Wandering dogs are subject to capture everywhere.
The health education of the population is essential.
Nana chain - Hymenolepis Nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.The Nano Tareen has negligible dimensions against a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of Tenia Nana occurs in an owner, in which the larval phase passes from the beginning, and then becomes sexually mature.Therefore, a person in this case is both an intermediate and final teacher.
The main habitat of the Tenia is Ileo and usually parasitic many individuals (there are cases of research of about a thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical picture, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable feces, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, convulsions, epileptic convictions).
The diagnosis is confirmed when the eggs of the nana tension in the stool are confirmed and the release of eggs is often discontinuous, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to conduct a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: the nana shade parasitic mainly in children, therefore, in the infantile institution in which the patients were detected, it is necessary to examine all children and staff for the presence of this elmintic invasion.This also applies to family members.
Diffuse non -halving is an elfintic invasion like ascariasis
The causal agent is a human laboratory tone.The ancient Russian name of the ascarids is string.The figurative folk language with this name, descending from the word "string", carefully characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the body of the helf.Human infection occurs when ripe and invasive eggs with soil particles, when you eat vegetables and wicked berries, infected fruit, sometimes when they drink water from open tanks.
Askarides refers to "restless" Elmininti, their activity and mobility are a common cause of atypical location.They are able to be introduced in the appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;In the liver and pancreas ducts with the development of fever, liver colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - up to the breaking of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, causing the asphyxiation of the nasal passages and even Eustachi's tubes.The intestinal obstruction caused by an excaride tube, or due to the spasm reflection of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of individual parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in the stool, but it must be kept in mind that the ascaroid eggs are absent in the intestinal movements in the presence of immature or old females in the intestines, as well as when parasites to some males, which is observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: vegetables and fruit before eating must be washed thoroughly and burning with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink non -hydraulic water.
Another type of nematodosis is entertainable.This disease is caused by the vermicular cutter.
In addition to the serious itching of the skin in the perianal region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of Pinworms and larvae in the urogenital paths, vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, reduction of appetite, as well as nervous system disorders with headaches, poor sleep, irritability, decrease in performance.
In the diagnosis of entertainable, the fact that patients often notice Pinworms' release is important.The pivot in the intestine does not laid eggs, therefore they are extremely rare in intestinal movements.The main diagnostic method is perianal scraping in various changes, the "adhesive tape" method.
In order to prevent entertainable, it is necessary to wean children to sneak, suck and lick their fingers.The nails should be cut briefly and follow their purity.You must often put the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.Chairs, toilets and night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main treatment methods
- Pumpkin seeds
- Male fern extract, pumpkin seeds, diclorofen
- Walnuts
- San Giovanni's grass is perforated
- Devyasil is tall
- 1 teaspoon.The dry rhizomes with crusts insist for 8 hours in 1 glass of boiled water cooled, filter.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insists for 4 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.the.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- Grate different crops of roots on a grater or passes through a flesh's grinder;Squeeze the juice.Fresh juice before use mixes with honey or sugar as desired.Take 1 tablespoon.the.2 times a day in the morning on an empty stomach and 1-1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tablespoons.the.Boil the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take the suspension of carrots for 1 tablespoon.the.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tansy
- Mary is anti - -unit
- The birch is wart
- 1 teaspoon.The birch gems insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup of boiling water, filter.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the entire portion a day in 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g of birch buds for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, filter.Take 15-20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Margherita pizza
- Lion's tooth medicine
- 1 teaspoon.The roots and lion tooth herbs are infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling water.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Lion tooth roots powder (take a dose positioned on the tip of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Mistletoe
- 1 teaspoon.The omela insists in 1 glass of cold boiled water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Hazelnut walnuts
- Garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Timyan Ordinary (Garden Thyme)
- Pumpkin
- Pomegranate
The mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, causing the first relaxation and therefore muscle contracture.At the same time, due to the withdrawal waves, the elminto is expelled.
Method of application and dose
In.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications to the use of the extract of male fern.2 days before the treatment, a cleaning enema is prescribed every day in the morning and a salty laxative on the eve of the evening.On the day of the treatment, on an empty stomach, they put an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Method of application and dose
Inside, Children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-15-1.5 g;Once a day.Conduct 5-7 daily treatment courses with a 7-day interval.A month later, an Anti -seven -Day treatment course is prescribed.
Method of application
3 teaspoons.The dry leaves insist in 2 cups of boiling water for 20-30 minutes.You drink hot in different tricks like tea.
Method of application
There are 10 g of drying of grass of San Giovanni in 1 glass of boiling water.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Method of application
Method of application
In medical practice, dry inflorescences are used.They rubbed in a mortar and taken in a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g of "semi cenvar" (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last reception at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Side phenomena for an overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, oppression of breathing and heart activity.
Basically, due to toxicity, it is used in adults and not in children.The centers and essential oil have an antielmintic effect against nematodes, particularly effective for ascaridosis and Irabiosi.For this purpose, dry flowers can be taken in the form of dust, in the form of infusion (1:10), as well as in enema from the extract of the upper part.And 1 tablespoon.the.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and entertainable).
Method of application
1 teaspoon.The dry upper part of Marie Anti -Glass, together with the fruits, insists 2 cups of boiling water, filters.Take 1 tablespoon.the.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
The kidney decoction has an antielmintic effect in round worms.
Method of application
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Method of application
2 teaspoons.Insist the herbs with Niva flowers for 4 hours in 1 glass of boiling water, filter.Take 1 tablespoon.the.3-4 times a day.Use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an antielmintic effect.
Method of application
Homel has an antielmintic action (on round worms).
Method of application
Walnut oil is taken inside as an antielmutal agent for ascaride.
The decoction of hot garlic is used for antielmintic enemas.With the Pinworms, a slice of garlic onion in the anus is introduced, which kills the parasites.
A terrible is obtained from the larch.In popular medicine, terrible is used inside as a remedy for tape worms.
Rizomi have a very effective effect against ribbon worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on ribbon worms, paralyzing the muscles.
The seeds purified with a gray green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed by ribbon worms (tension).
Method of application
Pumpkin seeds take on an empty stomach;Dose for adults - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of unprotected seeds, children of 10 years of 300.0 g, 5-7 years of 200.0 g, up to 5 years of 100-150.0.0 g.
The coherent purpose of pumpkin seeds in a conventional dose and fern extract in small doses (adults 2.5-3.0 g, children based on age) increases the effectiveness of the treatment.The fern extract is prescribed an hour after taking the pumpkin seeds and after taking the fern extract, the laxative is given.
The bark of the roots and branches of the grenade has a strong paralyzing effect on ribbon worms.
Method of application
1 teaspoon.Boil the peritability (peel) of fruit or pomegranate flowers in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, filter.Take 1 tablespoon.the.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start the treatment as soon as possible.